Human beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG) is an 11.6 kDa non-glycosylated protein of 99 amino acids, which is the light chain of human leucocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) and can accumulate to cause serious dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) in long-term hemodialysis patients. It can be used for specific elimination of β2-MG from serum and can induce apoptosis of several types of tumor cells, and thus has great therapeutic potential. In addition to its physiological function, much clinical interest has been drawn to β2-MG as its increased serum levels and misfolding have been linked to a pathological condition.